Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon nanomaterial in which carbon atoms form a hexagonal honeycomb lattice with sp² hybrid orbitals.

It has excellent optical, electrical, and mechanical properties, and has important application prospects in materials science, micro-nano processing, energy, biomedicine, and drug delivery, and is considered to be a revolutionary material in the future.

Graphene is the thinnest but also the hardest nanomaterial in the world, and the material with the lowest resistivity in the world. Because of its extremely low resistivity and extremely fast electron migration, it is expected to be used to develop a new generation of electronic components or transistors that are thinner and conduct electricity faster. Since graphene is essentially a transparent and good conductor, it is also suitable for making transparent touch screens, light panels, and even solar cells.

Another characteristic of graphene is the ability to observe the quantum Hall effect at room temperature.

The structure of graphene is very stable, the carbon-carbon bond is only 1.42 Å. The connection between the carbon atoms inside graphene is very flexible. When an external force is applied to graphene, the surface of the carbon atoms will be bent and deformed, so that the carbon atoms do not have to rearrange to adapt to the external force, thereby maintaining a stable structure. This stable lattice structure makes graphene have excellent thermal conductivity.

Graphene rolled into a barrel shape can be used as carbon nanotubes; in addition, graphene is also made into a ballistic transistor. Graphene is the most conductive material in the world.

Graphene has a wide range of applications. According to the ultra-thin and super-strength characteristics of graphene, graphene can be widely used in various fields, such as ultra-light body armor, ultra-thin and ultra-light aircraft materials, etc. According to its excellent conductivity, it also has great application potential in the field of microelectronics. Graphene may become a substitute for silicon, making ultra-miniature transistors, used to produce future supercomputers, and the higher electron mobility of carbon can enable future computers to achieve higher speeds. In addition, graphene material is also an excellent modifier. In new energy fields such as supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, it can be used as an electrode material additive due to its high conductivity and high specific surface area.